UPSSSC Dental Hygienist Previous Question Papers (Download) With Answers PDF

Subjects

Carrying out assignments in accordance with the

reading material.

Development of self appraisal regarding the ability to deal with stressful situations.

Characteristics of psychology (history, definition and various approaches and perspectives).

Stressful situations and ways of coping: Stress – anxiety and its characteristics in dentistry, causes, ways of coping, situational anxiety, generalized anxiety etc.

Psychophysiological basis. Principles of behavior. The dental hygienist as a treatment provider, behavioral profile.

Social psychology: processes of social information processing, social influence, attitudes and attitude change.

Behavior modification – the various theories.

(Recorded as per the current course at Levinski

College)

)Recorded as per the current course at Levinski

College(

Introduction to Microsoft Word (word processor) Introduction to Microsoft Excel (spreadsheet) Surfing the internet (various web portals).

Use of databases. Use of email.

PowerPoint.

Practice management programs.

Acquisition of basis knowledge in clinic planning and selecting appropriate equipment. Casting light upon the range of practical problems that one is confronted with in a dental clinic in practical work. Learning the ability to deal with daily problems in maintaining the clinic and operating it.

Planning the dental clinic, computers in dentistry. Principles of insurance for the dentist and dental hygienist. Monetary planning and finance.

Principles of bookkeeping management for the dentist and dental hygienist.

Dentistry from the dental hygienist’s viewpoint. Patient file, managing medical records and maintaining medical documentation.

Dental marketing.

Preventing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (C.T.S.).

information using search engines together with practical work.

Medical Sciences

From cell to organism – survey of various organisms that are composed of cells. The existence of order and balance: homeostasis.

The cell – Structure and function: Introduction to cell biology.

The cell as a basic unit of life.

Structure of the cell, cell membrane, hereditary material. Cell division.

Mother cells: division and differentiation.

Unicellular and multicellular organisms. Homeostasis.

Familiarity with types of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Familiarity with the connection between the various components of the bacteria and its environment and growth. Familiarity with the mechanisms for causing damage to the human body.

Prokaryotes: bacteria, viruses, fungi, structure and function.

Physiology and metabolism.

Interactions between bacteria, viruses and fungi and the human body.

Biochemistry and genetics of the bacterial cell. Biotechnology – bacteria at the service of man, from the food industry to genetic engineering.

Introduction to virology.

Incorporation into the genes of the host cell. Viral diseases: influenza, polio, rubella, measles, herpes, hepatitis, H.I.V.

Introduction to mycology. Sepsis, bacteremia.

Gum disease and caries – microbial aspects.

Immunizations to protect against viruses and bacteria.

Acquisition of basic concepts in chemistry and organic chemistry, familiarity with the structure of the periodic table. Familiarity with chemical bonds and reactions between molecules. Ability to balance chemical

equations and to find the concentrations of solutions.

Structure of the atom (radioactivity). Electron configurations – Bohr’s model. Ionization energy, electron affinity.

Metals and nonmetals. Molecules.

Chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, coordinate. Stoichiometry, concepts of the mole, molecular weight, balancing a reaction.

Units of concentration. Equilibrium.

Types of chemical reactions. Metals, carbon: graphite, diamond. Acids and bases.

Buffers and indicators. Salts.

Redox.

Saliva and its components. Fluoride.

Components of the tooth.

Acquisition of knowledge regarding the mechanism of action of metabolic systems, roles of amino acids, role and normal metabolic function of carbohydrates, proteins and fats – with an emphasis on changes in pathologic states and hereditary disorders.

Definitions, organelles in the cell, membranes, metabolism, carbohydrates, fermentation, proteins. The structure of saliva, immunological components, taste, the sense of smell, halitosis.

Cell metabolism: catabolism and anabolism, storage of energy.

Carbohydrates: types of carbohydrates, the structure of starch, glycogen and cells.

Metabolism of carbohydrates in aerobic and anaerobic cells.

Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, phosphorylation – diseases connected to sugar metabolism.

Amino acids: types of amino acids and their metabolism in the body. Amino acids and neurotransmitters.

Diseases connected to metabolism of amino acids.

Protein: the peptide bond; primary, secondary, tertiary

Enzymes: regulation of enzymatic activity in the body. Diseases originating from defective enzyme function. Hormones: types of hormones and the use of a second messenger. Diseases originating from inadequate hormonal function.

Proteins as carriers: hemoglobin, positive cooperativity, hemoglobin as a buffer in the blood. Sickle-cell anemia. Fats: saturated and unsaturated fatty acids,

triglycerides, cholesterol, prostaglandins.

Acquisition of knowledge about the effect of drugs on bodily systems, with a special emphasis on drug treatment in dentistry.

Introduction to pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics. Routes of administration and presentation of drugs.

Familiarity with the autonomic nervous system, cholinergic agonists and antagonist.

Adrenergic agonists and antagonist. Drugs for diabetes.

Antihistamines.

Drugs for allergies and asthma. Local anesthetics.

Opiate analgesics. NSAID analgesics. Tranquillizers.

Antidepressants. Cardiologic drugs.

Drugs for hypertension and angina pectoris. Treatment of heart failure.

Treatment of arrhythmias. Antibacterial drugs.

Anticoagulants. Vitamins.

Names of drugs. Analgesic drugs. Antibiotic drugs. Anesthetics.

Reading labels.

Sedation – Emphasis on inhalation sedation. Gas.

Steroids.

The structure of DNA, the bonds between nucleotides in chains.

Mechanisms for DNA replication – semiconservative replication.

Mutations: types of mutations and genetic diseases. The genetic code, the process of transcription: the various RNA molecules, mRNA, t-RNA, rRNA. Ribosomes and final protein processing.

Mendelian principles, examples of human characteristics, e.g. blood types – A, O, B, AB, RH.

Principles of genetic engineering and their use.

Medical Sciences

Epithelium: various types of epithelium, location and structure.

Connective tissue: the structure and function of the components of connective tissue.

Muscle: histological structure and the various muscle fibers.

Blood cells: the various types of blood cells – structure and function.

Cartilage: structure, development and function.

Bone: the structure of bone tissue and its various forms. Development of changes in the structure of bone tissue, “calcium balance”, pressure and stress.

The nervous system – development and structure. Skin: structure and function.

The immune system.

Acquisition of knowledge about all the main systems of the human body. Acquisition of knowledge about general physiology and the physiology of the bodily systems.

1.     Introduction to general and functional anatomy: Classification, surface, developmental, macroscopic, microscopic, gross anatomy, radiological.

General terms in anatomy.

Anatomical planes: transverse, oblique, sagittal, coronal.

Concepts of relative position: superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, external, internal, contralateral, ipsilateral.

2.     Skeleton, bones, joints.

Roles of the skeleton: support, protection, reservoir, hematopoiesis, movement.

Bones of the skeleton (general survey) – bones of the limbs, pelvis, spinal column, thorax.

Cartilage, types of bones, microscopic structure. Microscopic structure of bone and cartilage.

Joint: types and structure.

Types of muscle (striated (skeletal muscle), smooth, heart muscle).

Function of muscle (movement, generation of heat, standing, posture).

Microscopic and macroscopic structure of the muscle unit.

Physiology of muscle action, neural stimulation, bone-muscle relations.

Definition of body movement: abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, rotation, pronation, supination.

4.     The nervous system.

Function of the nervous system.

The nerve cell, structure of the neuron, synapse. Reflex arc.

Structure of the nervous system: central / peripheral nervous system.

Motor and sensory pathways: definitions and functions. Sensation of pain, temperature, touch and pressure.

Structure of the brain.

Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic. Definition and function.

5.     Cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels. Functions of the system.

The circulatory system: systemic and pulmonary. Arteries, veins, capillaries – structure, function, main blood vessels.

Location and function of the heart.

Structure of the heart: layers, ventricles, atria, valves, main blood vessels.

Mode of function of the heart, conduction system. Blood supply to the heart.

Blood pressure and its significance. Pulse and its significance.

The circulatory system and the lymphatic system. Functions of the circulatory system.

Types of blood cells and their functions. Composition of blood and blood types: A, B, AB, O. Basic concepts of the mechanism of coagulation.

Roles of the lymphatic system.

6.     Structure of the lymphatic system – spleen, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes.

7.     The respiratory system.

Components of the system: nose, sinuses, pharyngeal and laryngeal cavity, trachea, bronchi, alveoli. Thorax, diaphragm.

Structure of the lung. Blood vessels in the lung.

Mechanism of respiration – basic concepts in gas exchange.

8. The digestive system. Definition, function.

Esophagus: location, structure, functions. Stomach: location, structure, functions.

Small intestine: location, structure, functions. Large intestine: location, structure, functions.

Liver and bile ducts: location, function, major blood vessels.

Pancreas: location and function.

Recommended literature:

·       Anatomy, physiology and pathology of the human body. Dr. Eiran Tamir. (In Hebrew)

·       Anthony’s Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology. By Gary A. Thibodeau. Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing 1990.

·       Clinical Oriented Anatomy. By Keith L. Moore and

Williams & Wilkins. A Waverly Company, 1992.

Acquisition of knowledge about general physiology and physiology of the following systems: nervous, circulatory, urological, endocrine, with an emphasis on aspects relevant to dentistry, such as: conduction of pain and coagulation of blood.

Movement across membranes: simple diffusion, diffusion across the cell membrane, principles of osmosis, osmotic pressure, osmotic characteristics of cells. Movement of water into and out of the cell.

Expedited transport, active transport.

Structure and function of the cell membrane: ionic channels, diffusion forces.

Excitable biopotentials: action potential (ionic mechanism). Potentials in the nerve and the muscle. Intercellular communication: structure and function of the synapse.

Activity of the nervous system: central, peripheral,

autonomic nervous system.

The cardiovascular system: mechanical characteristics, electrical characteristics.

Respiratory system: mechanics of breathing, structure and function. Transport of gasses in the blood.

The renal system. The digestive system.

The endocrine system. Muscular system.

Internal diseases.

Acquisition of basic concepts of the epidemiology of disease: caries, gingiva. Indices utilized in epidemiology.

Roles and uses. Research methods.

Epidemiology of dental caries in Israel and internationally.

Epidemiology of periodontal disease.

Indices: DMF, CPITN, OHIP.

Acquisition of basic concepts in the field of public health.

Dental health services and planning of manpower in dentistry.

Public health services in Israel.

Manpower services in dentistry in Israel – current situation.

Aspects in the field of national expenditure on oral and dental health.

Treatment needs, means, dental treatment for children with special needs and protected children in Israel.

Dental treatment needs in Israel.

Socioeconomic aspects in dental morbidity in children. Funding and insurance programs in dentistry in Israel. Prevention in public dentistry:

Fluoridation of drinking water and education programs. The structure of community medicine in Israel.

Health services in schools and in kindergartens. Familiarity with central frameworks for the provision of public dentistry services in Israel.

Assessment of the modes of treatment of the population

and planning of health services for schools and special populations.

services, professional manpower.

Objectives of the Course:

1.     To be familiar with the epidemiology of chronic diseases and the environmental and personal causes of these diseases.

2.     To learn models and skills for changing behavior.

3.     To develop knowledge and tools for constructing a program for health promotion at the community and population level.

Course topics:

1.     Epidemiology of chronic diseases.

2.     Influence of the environment on health behavior and on health.

3.     The history of health promotion – survey of the development of concepts and their definitions.

4.     Principles and models for changing behavior at the individual, community and population level.

5.     Health promotion frameworks: healthy city, health promoting schools, health promoting hospitals.

6.     Health promoting factory.

7.     Constructing a health promotion program in actual practice.

Issues in assessing health promotion programs.

Familiarity with basic concepts in the collection and statistical analysis of data.

Uses of sampling methods. Normal distribution, standard errors.

Tests of significance. Confidence interval. Presentation

of data.

Principles of good nutrition, the basic food groups, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, energy, allowances, nutritional value, food groups, nutritional requirements for diseases.

Nutrition as a part of the world of health, the reasons for

eating, components of nutrition – general features.

Nutrition and dental health: on the connection between nutrition and dental disease.

Recommended nutrition for a healthy person: food groups, the food pyramid, guidelines for good nutrition. Nutrition during the lifecycle: nutrition for infants, children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, nutrition during menopause.

Dietary requirements for anorexia, bulimia, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity.

The digestive system and absorption of nutrition.

Nutritional labeling.

To learn about the immune system, the circulatory system, the lymphatic system.

Inflammation – what it is, ways of dealing with it. Active immunity and passive immunity.

Organ transplantation mishaps and diseases of the immune system: autoimmune.

Immune failure (L.E., congenital or acquired). Innate immune system – white blood cells lymphatic system, B,T.

Acquired immune system – antibodies, specific memory. Soluble molecules and various proteins in the immune system.

Disorders of the immune system: allergy, asthma, autoimmune, immunodeficiency.

Viral diseases such as HBV, HCV, AIDS.

Bacterial diseases tetanus etc.

Resuscitation

Sciences in Dentistry

To prepare the dental hygienist for an external physical examination of head and neck.

Facial muscles.

The sinuses and the nasal cavity. Infection spread via spaces.

The motor and sensory innervation of the region of the head and neck.

Movement of the jaws in accordance with the muscles.

Live anatomy: Correspondence between theoretical knowledge and actual location.

Histology

Dental Embryology

Development of the tooth bud.

To learn the detailed structure of each and every tooth, relations of contact between teeth in the jaws, dental outlines of the jaw. Exercising the identification of teeth. Methods of numbering deciduous and permanent teeth. Order of eruption and ages for deciduous / permanent dentition.

Anatomic structure of a single tooth. Directions and sides for teeth (L, P, M, B, D).

Characteristics of groups of teeth – incisors, canines, premolars, molars.

Morphological differences between deciduous and permanent dentition.

Relation between structure and function. Understanding the relation between the morphology of the tooth and the dental hygienist’s work.

Identification of teeth.

Anomalous effects during development of dentition.

Including practical exercise.

To learn about occlusion and how it affects gum disease.

Calcification of occlusion.

Envelope of movements.

The jaws and the temporomandibular joint.

Medical opinion.

Professional indemnity insurance. The Dental Hygienists Regulations.

Dilemmas and conflict between principles. Case descriptions.

AIDS, NBV, HCV, TB, SARS, etc.

Prevention and protection. Means of preventing infection. CDC OSHA guidelines.

Masks, gloves, safety glasses, clothes. Disinfection, sterilization.

Ministry of Health guidelines for the prevention of infections.

Protocol following exposure to infection, medicolegal

aspects.

Fields in Dentistry

Process of the growth of the face and jaws. Order of tooth eruption – morphology.

Jaw relations.

Classification of malocclusion, skeletal defects. Instrumentation – fixed and moveable.

Examples of treatments of common types of orthodontic problems and principles of treatment; diagnostic aids.

Treatment of adults. Hypodontia and hyperdontia. Orthognathic surgery.

Combined orthodontic – dental implant treatment. The role of the dental hygienist during and after the course of orthodontic treatment.

Lingual orthodontics.

endodontic instrumentation, including rotary. Instruments for measuring the length of canals; tooth whitening after root canal therapy.

Diagnosis – clinical and radiologic.

Principles of non-surgical root canal therapy, problems and complications during root canal therapy – not at the level of the tooth.

Endo-perio processes.

Pain of endodontic origin.

Genetics.

Age, multifactorial etiology. Host nutrition.

Diagnosis.

Bacteria.

Fluoride.

Types of caries – primary lesion, process of progression of caries in the enamel and dentin, ECC rampant etc.

Expansion of all topics, fluoride, cervical caries.

Obligatory course, no exemptions

defective restorations.

Fixed partial denture – single.

Fixed partial denture – multiple teeth. Temporary rehabilitation.

Cementation.

Partial denture and complete denture, denture over posts.

Denture over implants. Implants, connections.

Dental technician concepts.

materials.

2.     Apicectomy.

3.     Odontogenic and non-odontogenic infections.

4.     Malignant tumors in the mouth.

5.     Cysts and benign tumors.

6.     Pathology.

7.     Salivary glands and benign and malignant tumors.

8.     Osseous tumors.

9.     Manifestations in the oral cavity of systemic diseases and metastases from various tumors in the body.

10. Temporomandibular joint pain.

11. Dental and facial skeletal trauma.

12. Treatment of various craniofacial distortions (e.g. cleft, orthognathic surgery, etc.).

13. Control of bleeding – complications following oral surgery procedures.

14. Sutures, materials for suturing and their removal. Bibliography:

·     Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Neville, Damm, Alle, Bougot; Sauders.

·     Oral Surgery in the Dental Practice, E. Kruger, P. Worthington; Quintessence.

·     Maxillofacial Surgery, Ward Booth, Schendel;

Chutchill Livingstone.

Pathology

Vesicular-ulcerative lesions.

Cysts of developmental / odontogenic origin. Kaposi sarcoma.

Tongue, burning mouth, expression of systemic disease.

Piercing. Inflammation – theory. Wound healing.

Tumors – theory. Disorders of blood flow.

Pathology of the hard dental tissues. Pathology of the pulp.

Dentigerous and facial cysts. Color changes of the oral mucosa. Pre-cancerous lesions.

Oral lesions that are connected to dermatology. Malignant tumors of the oral cavity.

Benign tumors of the oral cavity. Pathology of the salivary glands. Odontogenic tumors.

Oral pathology in children. AIDS.

The oral medicine profession and examination of the oral tissues.

The salivary glands – in health and disease.

Congenital lesions – processes and diseases in the oral cavity.

Color changes in oral tissues – white lesions. White lesions – candida.

States of compromised continuity of the epithelium – ulcers, habits.

Recurrent aphthous syndrome. Viral and bacterial infections.

Allergic and autoimmune conditions.

Color changes in the oral cavity – dark lesions, disease and tumor processes.

Case presentations.

Treatment of gingiva in patients with impaired oral mucosa.

Facial and dental pain. Bibliography:

·             Regezi J.A. and Sciubba J.J: Oral Pathology,

W.B Saunders Co. Last edition.

·             Pinbdorg J.J.: Atlas of Disease of the Oral Mucosa, 5th ED. Copenhagen, 1992, Sauders Co.

Introduction:

What are x-rays? Concepts in physics.

The x-ray machine:

Structure of the apparatus. Generation of x-rays.

Factors influencing the quality and quantity of photons.

Types of radiographs: Periapical.

Bite. Occlusal.

Methods of imaging: Paralleling.

Bisecting angle.

X-ray film:

Structure. Various sizes.

Developing and fixation. Obtaining the radiograph. Dangers of radiation.

Interpretation of radiographs: Anatomy and morphology. Diagnosis of caries.

Diagnosis of defects of the alveolar bone.

Recommended reading material:

·       Oral Radiology, D. Fishel, Academon, Jerusalem, 1998 (in Hebrew).

1.    To provide the student with knowledge enabling familiarity with the healthy and diseased periodontium at the anatomical, histological and physiological level.

2.    To provide the student with knowledge of the causes of periodontal disease, the epidemiology of periodontal disease, diagnosis and classification of periodontal diseases and the relation between the

periodontal condition and the systemic condition.

4.    To provide the student with information about all types of periodontal treatment, from initial treatment to periodontal surgery.

5.    To give the student basic knowledge about dental implants.

Revision of concepts that had broad coverage in other courses, such as scaling & root planning, maintenance etc.

Case presentations. Periodontics.

Year 1 + 2 Topics studied:

1.     Structure of the periodontium.

a.     Gingiva.

b.     Periodontal ligament.

c.      Cementum.

d.     The alveolar bone.

2.                  Etiology of gum disease.

a.     Bacterial plaque.

b.     Calculus and how it is formed.

c.      Microbiology of gum disease.

3.     Diagnoses in Periodontics.

a.     Classification of gum disease by various systems.

b.     The connection between systemic diseases and gum disease.

c.      Influence of pregnancy on the gingiva.

4.     The periodontal examination and treatment plan.

a.     Medical and dental history.

b.     Extraoral examination.

c.      Intraoral Examination.

d.     The periodontal chart.

e.     The periodontal treatment plan.

5.     Initial periodontal treatment.

a.     Scaling (removal of calculus). Methods.

b.     Root planing. Methods, Instruments, Objectives.

c.      Non-surgical treatment of the gingiva:

d.     Systemic antibiotic.

e.     Local antibiotic.

f.       Mechanical and chemical control of dental

g. Preparations with delayed release.

6.     Periodontal surgery.

a.     Gingivectomy

b.     OFD

c.     Modified widman flap

d.     Minimal invasive

e.     Bone surgery

f.      Mucogingival surgery

7.     Dental implants.

a.     Implant surgery.

b.     Maintenance of implants.

8.     Periodontal maintenance

·       Post-surgical oral hygiene.

·       Surgical oral hygiene after regeneration. Bibliography:

·       Perry, Dorothy A., Beemsterober, Phyllis, Taggart, Edward J. Periodontology for the Dental Hygienist. 1996 W.B. Saunders Co.

·       Lindhe, Jan 1997. Textbook of Clinical

Periodontology and Implant Dentistry. Munksgaard.

Types of fear, reasons for fear, types of behaviors of children, Frankl’s classification, reasons for lack of cooperation, assessment of the patient, principles of children’s behavior, pharmacological methods, non-pharmacological methods, presence of parents during treatment – advantages and disadvantages. Children’s treatment triangle, psychological development of children by age, communication with children in the dental clinic, pharmaceutical methods for reducing the child’s level of anxiety prior to dental treatment.

B.  Morphology of deciduous teeth – general differences between deciduous teeth and permanent teeth, main characteristics.

C.  Caries – caries at various ages, baby bottle caries.

D.  Prevention – primary, secondary, tertiary. Primary prevention:

1.     Health education (reasons for non-compliance, principles of prediction of behavior regarding oral hygiene).

2.     Baby Clinic

3.     Fluoride (systemic administration, absorption of

4. Fissure sealant (types of materials, fissure sealant case selection, stages of execution, reasons for failure).

E.      Examination and treatment plan – anamnesis, x- rays, prioritizing treatment, considerations in choosing treatments and their order.

F.      Local anesthesia in children.

G.     Conservative treatment + pediatric endodontics (fillings, prefabricated crowns, pulp cupping, pulpotomy, pulpectomy)

H.      Trauma of permanent + deciduous dentition (fractures, lateral, luxation, subluxation, concussion, extrusion, intrusion, avultion).

I.         Hypoplasia, timing of injury.

J.       Gingival diseases in children.

To inform students of the physiological origin of pain. The neurological anatomy of pain in the oral cavity, and ways of reducing pain. The various drugs that serve for local anesthesia as regards their development, the differences between them, and various guidelines for the administration of local anesthesia to the oral cavity. Finally, special emphasis will be placed upon the treatment of emergencies connected to local anesthesia.

Mechanisms of pain, ways of dealing with pain beyond local anesthesia, -allergies, cervical sensitivity, TMJ, facialis.

Treatment of pain.

Development of local anesthesia. Equipment needed for local anesthesia.

Principles of techniques for anesthesia in the oral cavity. Diagnosis and treatment of complications and emergencies in local anesthesia.

Laughing gas, sedation and general anesthesia. Bibliography:

·       Local Anesthesia in Dentistry, Geoffrey L. F. lvor, H. Whitehead; Wright

·       Local Anesthesia in Dentistry, Markus D.W. Lipp; Quintessence

·       Hardbook of Local Anesthesia, Stanley F. Malamed;

Mosby

To teach students the principles of preventative dentistry, and their implementation.

Students will acquire broad knowledge and tools for conveying awareness of preventative dentistry for properly maintaining oral health.

Students will know how to construct, coordinate and implement educational programs for maintaining oral health for target populations (ages 0-120): kindergartens, schools, nursing homes, hospitals, etc. Topics studied:

Historical survey of the profession.

Introduction to preventative dentistry, steps in a preventative dentistry program.

Modes of prevention and ways and accessories for maintaining a healthy mouth.

Toothbrush and worthwhile methods of brushing. Solution for demonstrating.

Various methods of brushing.

Additional ways and accessories for completing toothbrushing properly.

Plaque index – all sorts of methods. Toothpastes.

Mouth washes.

Electric devices and accessories.

Steps in the preventative dentistry program, educational principles.

Guidance for the individual patient. The rehabilitation patient.

Implants and their maintenance. The orthodontic patient.

Special and handicapped patients.

Teaching, guidance and prevention in the community. Implementation of teaching and guidance in the community – going out into the field.

Fluoride.

Primary prevention, secondary and tertiary prevention. Disseminating information, preventative maintenance, fluorides.

Fluorine – a chemical element. Background and historical survey.

Establishment of the fluoride – dental caries link. The role of fluoride in the prevention of caries:

Early lesion caries.

Systemic fluoridation:

Fluoridation of drinking water. Fluoridation of salt and milk. Fluoride tablets and drops.

Topical/local fluoridation:

Local application of fluoride by local staff. Local application of fluoride by the public. Fluoridated mouth washes.

Fluoridated toothpastes. Assessment of health risks:

Fluoride concentrations in various products. Acute fluoride toxicity.

Chronic fluoride toxicity – dental fluorosis.

The fight over fluoridation of drinking water: State of affairs in Israel and internationally.

Toothbrushes.

Solutions for demonstrating. Various methods of brushing.

Additional ways and accessories for completing toothbrushing properly.

Indices: PI, PDI, CPI, CPINT.

Toothpastes. Mouth washes.

Electric devices and accessories. Implants and their maintenance.

Maintenance after surgery in the oral cavity.

Familiarity with diseases and effects on bone, connective tissue; psychiatric illness; patients who have undergone radiotherapy; endocrine disease. Allergy, neurological problems, transplant recipients, pregnant women.

Dental treatment of patients with medical risk in their everyday lives – systematic survey.

Heart diseases:

Organic heart disease. Functional disorders of the heart. Extracardiac diseases.

Rheumatic fever (RF).

cerebral palsy (C.P.), Parkinson, trigeminal neuralgia, CVA.

Hematological disease – leukemia.

Diseases of the kidney and transplant recipients. Bleeding disorders, medications.

AIDS and diseases of the liver. Endocrine diseases.

Patients who have undergone radiotherapy. Allergies.

Pregnant woman.

Psychiatric diseases. Dermatologic diseases.

and Neglect

Work

Assistants

and Upkeep

(Phantom)

– Practical

Two indices must be performed PI PDI.

Maintenance around implants must be included. Based on theoretical course number 10.5.14.

Critical reading of papers.

One paper for the entire class.

Each student separately.

With a dedicated supervisor.

Guidance

health education fields.

Year 2

Training

dentists and dental hygienists.